Patient Subtyping Analysis of Baseline Multi-omic Data Reveals Distinct Pre-immune States Predictive of Vaccination Responses.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin diverse vaccination responses is a critical step toward developing efficient vaccines. Molecular subtyping approaches can offer valuable insights into the heterogeneous nature of responses and aid in the design of more effective vaccines. In order to explore the molecular signatures associated with the vaccine response, we analyzed baseline transcriptomics data from paired samples of whole blood, proteomics and glycomics data from serum, and metabolomics data from urine, obtained from influenza vaccine recipients (2019-2020 season) prior to vaccination. After integrating the data using a network-based model, we performed a subtyping analysis. The integration of multiple data modalities from 62 samples resulted in five baseline molecular subtypes with distinct molecular signatures. These baseline subtypes differed in the expression of pre-existing adaptive or innate immunity signatures, which were linked to significant variation across subtypes in baseline immunoglobulin A (IgA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer levels. It is worth noting that these significant differences persisted through day 28 post-vaccination, indicating the effect of initial immune state on vaccination response. These findings highlight the significance of interpersonal variation in baseline immune status as a crucial factor in determining vaccine response and efficacy. Ultimately, incorporating molecular profiling could enable personalized vaccine optimization.

Genome-wide prediction of pathogenic gain- and loss-of-function variants from ensemble learning of a diverse feature set.

Gain-of-function (GOF) variants give rise to increased/novel protein functions whereas loss-of-function (LOF) variants lead to diminished protein function. Experimental approaches for identifying GOF and LOF are generally slow and costly, whilst available computational methods have not been optimized to discriminate between GOF and LOF variants. We have developed LoGoFunc, a machine learning method for predicting pathogenic GOF, pathogenic LOF, and neutral genetic variants, trained on a broad range of gene-, protein-, and variant-level features describing diverse biological characteristics. LoGoFunc outperforms other tools trained solely to predict pathogenicity for identifying pathogenic GOF and LOF variants and is available at https://itanlab.shinyapps.io/goflof/ .

Chemokine receptor 5 signaling in PFC mediates stress susceptibility in female mice.

Chronic stress induces changes in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuropathology and behavioral abnormalities associated with psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the impact of peripheral and central inflammation during chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in female mice. Compared to male mice, we found that female mice exhibited heightened peripheral inflammatory response and identified C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), as a stress-susceptibility marker in females. Blocking CCL5 signaling in the periphery promoted resilience to CSDS. In the brain, stress-susceptible mice displayed increased expression of C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a receptor for CCL5, in microglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This upregulation was associated with microglia morphological changes, their increased migration to the blood vessels, and enhanced phagocytosis of synaptic components and vascular material. These changes coincided with neurophysiological alterations and impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. By blocking CCR5 signaling specifically in the PFC were able to prevent stress-induced physiological changes and rescue social avoidance behavior. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that stress-mediated dysregulation of the CCL5-CCR5 axis triggers excessive phagocytosis of synaptic materials and neurovascular components by microglia, resulting in disruptions in neurotransmission, reduced BBB integrity, and increased stress susceptibility. Our study provides new insights into the role of cortical microglia in female stress susceptibility and suggests that the CCL5-CCR5 axis may serve as a novel sex-specific therapeutic target for treating psychiatric disorders in females.

Identifying high-impact variants and genes in exomes of Ashkenazi Jewish inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic digestive tract inflammatory conditions whose genetic etiology is still poorly understood. The incidence of IBD is particularly high among Ashkenazi Jews. Here, we identify 8 novel and plausible IBD-causing genes from the exomes of 4453 genetically identified Ashkenazi Jewish IBD cases (1734) and controls (2719). Various biological pathway analyses are performed, along with bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, to demonstrate the likely physiological relatedness of the novel genes to IBD. Importantly, we demonstrate that the rare and high impact genetic architecture of Ashkenazi Jewish adult IBD displays significant overlap with very early onset-IBD genetics. Moreover, by performing biobank phenome-wide analyses, we find that IBD genes have pleiotropic effects that involve other immune responses. Finally, we show that polygenic risk score analyses based on genome-wide high impact variants have high power to predict IBD susceptibility.

Identifying shared genetic factors underlying epilepsy and congenital heart disease in Europeans.

Epilepsy (EP) and congenital heart disease (CHD) are two apparently unrelated diseases that nevertheless display substantial mutual comorbidity. Thus, while congenital heart defects are associated with an elevated risk of developing epilepsy, the incidence of epilepsy in CHD patients correlates with CHD severity. Although genetic determinants have been postulated to underlie the comorbidity of EP and CHD, the precise genetic etiology is unknown. We performed variant and gene association analyses on EP and CHD patients separately, using whole exomes of genetically identified Europeans from the UK Biobank and Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank. We prioritized biologically plausible candidate genes and investigated the enriched pathways and other identified comorbidities by biological proximity calculation, pathway analyses, and gene-level phenome-wide association studies. Our variant- and gene-level results point to the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCC) pathway as being a unifying framework for EP and CHD comorbidity. Additionally, pathway-level analyses indicated that the functions of disease-associated genes partially overlap between the two disease entities. Finally, phenome-wide association analyses of prioritized candidate genes revealed that cerebral blood flow and ulcerative colitis constitute the two main traits associated with both EP and CHD.

A computational approach for detecting physiological homogeneity in the midst of genetic heterogeneity.

The human genetic dissection of clinical phenotypes is complicated by genetic heterogeneity. Gene burden approaches that detect genetic signals in case-control studies are underpowered in genetically heterogeneous cohorts. We therefore developed a genome-wide computational method, network-based heterogeneity clustering (NHC), to detect physiological homogeneity in the midst of genetic heterogeneity. Simulation studies showed our method to be capable of systematically converging genes in biological proximity on the background biological interaction network, and capturing gene clusters harboring presumably deleterious variants, in an efficient and unbiased manner. We applied NHC to whole-exome sequencing data from a cohort of 122 individuals with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), including 13 individuals with previously published monogenic inborn errors of TLR3-dependent IFN-α/ß immunity. The top gene cluster identified by our approach successfully detected and prioritized all causal variants of five TLR3 pathway genes in the 13 previously reported individuals. This approach also suggested candidate variants of three reported genes and four candidate genes from the same pathway in another ten previously unstudied individuals. TLR3 responsiveness was impaired in dermal fibroblasts from four of the five individuals tested, suggesting that the variants detected were causal for HSE. NHC is, therefore, an effective and unbiased approach for unraveling genetic heterogeneity by detecting physiological homogeneity.

Using sequence signatures and kink-turn motifs in knowledge-based statistical potentials for RNA structure prediction.

Kink turns are widely occurring motifs in RNA, located in internal loops and associated with many biological functions including translation, regulation and splicing. The associated sequence pattern, a 3-nt bulge and G-A, A-G base-pairs, generates an angle of ∼50° along the helical axis due to A-minor interactions. The conserved sequence and distinct secondary structures of kink-turns (k-turn) suggest computational folding rules to predict k-turn-like topologies from sequence. Here, we annotate observed k-turn motifs within a non-redundant RNA dataset based on sequence signatures and geometrical features, analyze bending and torsion angles, and determine distinct knowledge-based potentials with and without k-turn motifs. We apply these scoring potentials to our RAGTOP (RNA-As-Graph-Topologies) graph sampling protocol to construct and sample coarse-grained graph representations of RNAs from a given secondary structure. We present graph-sampling results for 35 RNAs, including 12 k-turn and 23 non k-turn internal loops, and compare the results to solved structures and to RAGTOP results without special k-turn potentials. Significant improvements are observed with the updated scoring potentials compared to the k-turn-free potentials. Because k-turns represent a classic example of sequence/structure motif, our study suggests that other such motifs with sequence signatures and unique geometrical features can similarly be utilized for RNA structure prediction and design.

Conformational transitions in the Ramachandran space of amino acids using the dynamic rotational isomeric state (DRIS) model.

The dynamic rotational isomeric state model is applied to predict the internal dynamics of the 20 amino acids. Transition rates between rotational isomeric states are calculated from molecular dynamics simulations of Gly-Gly-X-Gly-Gly peptides where X represents one of the 20 amino acids. Predicted relaxation times are in good agreement with fluorescence quenching rate measurements.

Predicting most probable conformations of a given peptide sequence in the random coil state.

In this work, we present a computational scheme for finding high probability conformations of peptides. The scheme calculates the probability of a given conformation of the given peptide sequence using the probability distribution of torsion states. Dependence of the states of a residue on the states of its first neighbors along the chain is considered. Prior probabilities of torsion states are obtained from a coil library. Posterior probabilities are calculated by the matrix multiplication Rotational Isomeric States Model of polymer theory. The conformation of a peptide with highest probability is determined by using a hidden Markov model Viterbi algorithm. First, the probability distribution of the torsion states of the residues is obtained. Using the highest probability torsion state, one can generate, step by step, states with lower probabilities. To validate the method, the highest probability state of residues in a given sequence is calculated and compared with probabilities obtained from the Coil Databank. Predictions based on the method are 32% better than predictions based on the most probable states of residues. The ensemble of "n" high probability conformations of a given protein is also determined using the Viterbi algorithm with multistep backtracking.